{"id":1021,"date":"2023-09-13T14:00:42","date_gmt":"2023-09-13T06:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/?p=1021"},"modified":"2026-10-25T13:45:08","modified_gmt":"2026-10-25T05:45:08","slug":"risk-vs-reward-and-portfolio-construction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/risk-vs-reward-and-portfolio-construction\/","title":{"rendered":"Risk vs Reward and Portfolio Construction"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The one thing you must be comfortable with when investing is dealing with risk. Investing requires managing risk to maximize potential reward. Maybe you have heard the quote: &#8220;<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No risk, no reward<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&#8221; Let us explore the topic of risk vs reward and see how we, as an investor, can manage our risk while trying to maximize our potential return.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2>Risk vs Reward by Asset Classes<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you have started investing, you should know the various asset classes you can invest in. Each of these asset classes has different risk profiles. If you sign up with a broker \/ financial adviser, you may have been asked to fill in your risk tolerance profile. This risk profile allows your financial adviser to asses what asset classes may suit you.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1048\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1048\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1048\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-7.jpg\" alt=\"Risk vs Reward Chart\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-7.jpg 980w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-7-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-7-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1048\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The relationship between Risk vs Reward for various asset classes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In short, <\/span><b><i>the lower the risk, the lower the volatility and the potential reward. The higher the risk, the higher the volatility and the potential reward (and losses)<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the lowest risk, you can invest in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/singapore-government-bonds-ssb-vs-sgs-vs-t-bills\/\">government securities<\/a> such as SSB, SGS, T-Bills, or <a href=\"\/best-fixed-deposit-rates-singapore\/\">fixed deposits,<\/a> which guarantee your initial principal and a fixed rate of return. We call these instruments &#8220;<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as risk-free as you can get<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conversely, investing in small-cap stocks is among the riskiest options because you may lose your initial principal. Your potential return can also be higher if these small-cap companies grow into one of the largest companies in their industry. Further up the risk spectrum, venture investment in startups has an even higher risk profile. However, returns could be spectacular if the startups go public.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are no right or wrong choices because preferred asset classes differ by investor, depending on their risk profile and investment horizon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>As an investor, you should understand the relationship between risk and reward so you can optimize your portfolio for your risk tolerance and target rate of return.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Portfolio Construction for Optimizing Risk vs Reward<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As you start your investing journey, you must understand your risk tolerance so you can build a well-balanced portfolio that optimizes this risk-versus-reward tradeoff.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another essential factor is your investment horizon. We always advocate a long-term investing mindset. Why is that? Because over the long term, the market tends to go up. However, if your investment horizon is shorter, or if you&#8217;re retired, your risk profile should be much lower than that of younger investors. Remember, higher risk means more volatility, which means your portfolio may swing wildly in the short term. It may take a long time to recover, which, if you are already retired, you probably do not want to deal with.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most investors invest across several asset classes to improve the risk-reward tradeoff. This is called diversification. You can allocate some percentage to asset classes with higher potential returns, while keeping the rest in more stable assets to insulate your portfolio from market volatility.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As investors age, the share of risky assets in their portfolio should decrease. You can enjoy your retirement better with less volatility and more guaranteed returns.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s look at several portfolio compositions that may suit various investors of different risk profiles.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conservative Portfolio<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main goal of a conservative portfolio is to preserve capital. You can achieve this by investing a large portion of the portfolio in the lowest-risk asset classes, such as government securities or fixed deposits. While you want to avoid risky assets, investing a small portion of your portfolio in higher-yielding asset classes, such as blue-chip large-cap stocks, is usually still helpful. This composition\u00a0<span style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\">lets you get stable returns from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/fixed-income-investment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fixed-income investments<\/a> while still enjoying some growth from\u00a0<\/span>riskier equities.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1050\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1050\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1050\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-8.jpg\" alt=\"Risk vs Reward: Conservative Portfolio\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-8.jpg 980w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-8-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-8-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1050\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conservative portfolio: Majority in fixed income and a small portion in equities<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another typical conservative portfolio invests most of your portfolio in physical real estate. Real estate tends to have lower volatility while still providing strong returns. The downside of owning physical real estate is managing and maintaining it, especially if you rent it out. If you are comfortable with real estate management, this is a common route investors take to build wealth. As with diversification, you can invest in other riskier assets, such as equities, to round out your portfolio.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1052\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1052\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1052\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-9.jpg\" alt=\"Conservative portfolio with real estate\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-9.jpg 980w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-9-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-9-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1052\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conservative portfolio with real estate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balanced Portfolio<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A balanced portfolio seeks to achieve both growth and income. This can be achieved by dividing the portfolio equally between fixed income and equities. This portfolio has a higher risk level than a conservative portfolio; therefore, it is recommended only for investors with a higher risk tolerance and a longer investment horizon.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1025\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1025\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1025\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-3.jpg\" alt=\"Risk vs Reward: Balanced Portfolio\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-3.jpg 980w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-3-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1025\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Balanced portfolio: Half in fixed income and half in equities<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aggressive Portfolio<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The goal of an aggressive portfolio is to achieve long-term capital growth. This is the highest end of the risk-reward spectrum. To achieve capital growth, the portfolio will consist mainly of equities. Depending on investors&#8217; risk tolerance, some may even favor smaller-cap stocks to boost potential returns. Because a large portion of this portfolio consists of equities, volatility may be high in the short term; therefore, this portfolio is recommended only for investors with the highest risk tolerance and a longer investment horizon.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1054\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1054\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1054\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-10.jpg\" alt=\"Risk vs Reward: Aggressive portfolio\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-10.jpg 980w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-10-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-10-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1054\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aggressive portfolio: Majority in equities and a small portion in fixed income<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Portfolio Rebalancing<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After you have completed your portfolio construction and achieved the desired allocation percentage, your job is not done. Remember that each asset class has a different expected rate of return; over time, your portfolio allocation may change as some assets grow faster than others. If you still prefer the same portfolio allocation, rebalance by selling the overweighted asset and buying the underweighted one.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You should also regularly assess your investment objective to see whether your current portfolio still suits you. If your investment objective changes, you should adapt your portfolio accordingly. For example, if you decide to retire earlier than expected, you may want to adjust the risk level of your portfolio as well.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which is right for you?<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You know your risk tolerance and investment horizon best. You can adopt one of the portfolio compositions above and adjust it to suit your investment preference. For example, if you want a balanced portfolio but still favor more growth, you can shift to 60% equities and 40% fixed income. When you work on your portfolio construction, remember the relationship between risk and reward so you can optimize your portfolio well.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Case Study of Stock and Bond Portfolio<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most common portfolio compositions is a mix of bonds and stocks. We can see how different compositions affected investment returns based on 90 years of investment data from 1926 to 2019. The following chart portrays the relationship between risk and reward.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1027\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1027\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1027\" src=\"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-6.jpg\" alt=\"Stock Bond Allocation: Average, best, worst annual returns\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-6.jpg 980w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-6-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn.wealthfor.us\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Risk-Return-Chart-6-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1027\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The diagram shows the average, best, and worst annual returns for various stocks and bonds allocations. Credit to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.visualcapitalist.com\/\">VisualCapitalist<\/a>.<sup>[1]<\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most conservative portfolio has the lowest average annual rate of return (5.3%). However, it also has the least drawdown (-8.1%). On the other end, the most aggressive portfolio has the highest average annual return (10.3%) but the largest drawdown (-43.1%). Before adopting the more aggressive portfolio, make sure you&#8217;re comfortable with the volatility. Happy investing!<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Stock | Bond Allocation<\/th>\n<th>Average Annual Return<\/th>\n<th>Best Annual Return<\/th>\n<th>Worst Annual Return<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0% | 100%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-8.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10% | 90%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">31.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-8.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20% | 80%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">29.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-10.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30% | 70%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-14.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">40% | 60%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">27.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-18.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">50% | 50%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-22.5%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">60% | 40%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">36.7%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-26.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">70% | 30%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-30.7%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">80% | 20%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9.6%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45.4%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-34.9%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">90% | 10%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">49.8%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-39.0%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100% | 0%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10.3%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">54.2%<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-43.1%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14px; color: gray;\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14px; color: gray;\">Stocks represented by the Standard &amp; Poor\u2019s 90 Index from 1926 to 3 March 1957; the S&amp;P 500 index from 4 March 1957 through 1974; the Wilshire 5000 index from 1975 through 22 April 2005; and the MSCI US Broad Market Index until 2019. Bonds are presented by the S&amp;P High Grade Corporate Index from 1926 through 1968; the Citigroup High Grade Index from 1969 through 1972; the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Long Credit AA Index from 1973 through 1975; and the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index until 2019.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The one thing you must be comfortable with when investing is dealing with risk. Investing requires managing risk to maximize potential reward. Maybe you have heard the quote: &#8220;No risk, no reward.&#8221; Let us explore the topic of risk vs reward and see how we, as an investor, can manage our risk while trying to&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wealthfor.us\/article\/risk-vs-reward-and-portfolio-construction\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Risk vs Reward and Portfolio Construction<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1159,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1021","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-investing-basic","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Risk vs Reward and Portfolio Construction<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is the relationship between risk vs reward? 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